☊ 碧瓏司の→ßeℒongŚ

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voas…/2016/20160706sa_space.mp3

🎁

🎁 中英文稿：
Mars is a planet of outsized splendor. Despite being only half as big and a tenth as heavy as Earth, it bears the solar system’s tallest mountain, longest canyon and largest crater. At 22 and 12 kilometers wide, however, its inner moon Phobos and outer moon Deimos are figurative small potatoes. Scientists suspect both formed much as Earth’s single large moon did, from a massive debris disk ejected into orbit by a giant impact eons ago. But if Mars’s moons formed like Earth’s, why are they so very much smaller?
火星是一個擁有驚人光輝的行星。儘管它的體積只有地球的一半那麼大，重量是地球的十分之一，但它擁有太陽系中最高的山峰、最長的峽谷以及規模最大的火山口，在22和12公里寬處，其內部衛星火衛一和火衛二像生動形象的兩顆小土豆。科學家們懷疑這兩個衛星的形成就像地球上形成獨一無二的月球一樣，在億萬年前，發生劇烈碰撞時，大量的碎片被送入軌道從而形成。但如果火星衛星的形成與月球的形成過程大體類似，為什麼它們的體積如此之小？
The answer may be that they did not form alone. New simulations from Pascal Rosenblatt of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues show how the debris disk from a giant impact on Mars could have generated additional moons a few hundreds of kilometers in size. After forming in the dense inner regions of the disk, those larger moons would have stirred the disk’s sparser outer reaches, allowing smaller companions like Phobos and Deimos to coalesce from the ripples. The study appears in the journal Nature Geoscience. [Rosenblatt et al, Accretion of Phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons]
答案或許是它們並不是單獨形成的。比利時皇家天文臺的帕斯卡羅森布拉特和他的研究團隊使用數值模擬了一次火星上的大碰撞事件，以及碰撞所造成的碎片盤演變，展示是如何形成其他的衛星，在幾百公里之外。由於碎片的密集程度不同，較大的衛星會在碎片盤內側吸積形成之後，其產生的引力牽引會攪動碎片盤的外側，允許形小型衛星，如衛星火衛一和火衛二。這項研究發表在《自然地球科學》期刊上。
In this scenario, the reason we only see Phobos and Deimos today is that the bigger moons were destroyed a few million years after their formation. Their low, fast orbits outpaced Mars’s rotation, creating a tidal pull that sent them spiraling down to crash into the planet (Earth’s moon, by contrast, orbited slower than our planet’s rotation, allowing it to spiral outward and survive). Future investigations could test the new hypothesis by looking for clusters of Martian craters produced by the infalling moons, but in the meantime, proof that Mars can kill its companions is right before our eyes: The orbit of Deimos is stable, but Phobos is in a death spiral, losing 2 centimeters of altitude per year to Mars’s tidal pull. It will plunge into the planet in 20 to 40 million years, leaving lonely, far-out Deimos as the last vestige of what may have been a once-mighty system of Martian moons.
在這一假設下，我們今天之所以只看到火衛一和火衛二，是因為那些較大的衛星在它們形成幾百萬年後被摧毀。它們運行的低、快速軌道超過火星自轉，匯成推動潮汐力使它們盤旋而下，撞上星球。（相比之下，地球上的衛星，環繞軌道運行的速度慢於地球自傳。允許衛星像螺旋一樣外傳並生存下來。）未來的調查可以通過尋找由隕落的衛星所形成的火星隕石坑集群，來測試這一新假設。但與此同時，證明火星可以殺死它同伴的證據就在眼前：火衛二的運行軌道是穩定的，但火衛一處在“死亡螺旋”中，由於火星的潮汐力，每年高度降低2釐米。在未來二千至四千萬年內，它將被拉向火星，孤獨地隕落。非常遙遠的火衛二，其最後的遺跡可能是一個曾經輝煌的火星衛星系統。
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👯 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/154.mp3

👯

👯 中英文稿：
Hello I’m Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m joined today by Neil.
大家好，我是Rob。歡迎收聽六分鐘英語節目，今天我的搭檔是Neil。
Hello. Neil here. Excuse me I’m enjoying a bar of chocolate…
大家好，我是Neil。抱歉我正在喝咖啡
Where did you get that from?
你從哪兒買的？
In the vending machine upstairs – that’s the automatic machine with drinks and sweets – you put coins in it to release whatever you paid for.
從樓上的自動販賣機（有零食和飲料的自動售賣機器）。把硬幣投進去就可以買到啦。

🌈 別傻了，你以為老外是在跟你談“天氣”？🌈
　　
打招呼：“你吃了沒？”，外國人打招呼：“今天的天氣不錯啊！”。中西文化有差異，今天為大家介紹與風雨雪雲相關的英語諺語！
　　
🌀<和雨有關的諺語>：
➢ save for a rainy day 未雨綢繆
例：You should save some money for a rainy day!
你應該存些錢以備不時之需！
　　
➢ it never rains but it pours 不雨則已，一雨驚人
例：Just as the saying goes, it never rains but it pours.
正如俗話所說，禍不單行。
　　
➢ right as rain 身體健康，一切正常
例：After the treatment, he is as right as rain now.
經過治療，他現在健康狀況良好。
　　
🌀<和雲有關的諺語>：

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voas…/2016/20160704sa_earth.mp3

🎁

🎁 中英文稿：
The Earth's temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first bloom of flowers—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor. Urban light pollution is also quickening the coming of spring. "So temperature and light are really contributing to a double whammy of making everything earlier." Richard ffrench-Constant, an entomologist at the University of Exeter.
地球的溫度正在上升，若真是這樣，春季現象——花兒首次盛開的時間會越來越早。但不斷升高的氣溫並不是唯一的因素。城市光污染也加快了春天到來的腳步。因此在溫度和光線的雙重打擊下，導致讓一切提前。理查•弗倫奇恒，英國埃克塞特大學的昆蟲學家。
He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked the first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution—from streetlights in cities, and along roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier. Way beyond what rising temperatures could achieve. This disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem.
他和他的同事們編寫了來自公民科學家13年的資料，對四種常見的樹木進行追蹤，觀察其第一次萌芽的時間，其實，光污染——城市路燈以及沿途公路上——導致發芽整整提前一個星期，不斷上升的氣溫會帶來什麼深遠結果。這種破壞性的時機可以對生態系統產生影響。
"The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the maximum number of caterpillars." So earlier buds could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and beyond. The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. [Richard H. ffrench-Constant et al., Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom]
以樹為食的毛毛蟲正試圖將自己的孵卵時間與發芽時間相匹配。因為毛毛蟲要以最多汁、最少受化學物質保護的葉子為食。並且不僅僅毛毛蟲是這樣。當然，這一點很重要。但其連鎖反應體現在築巢鳥類上。它們和毛毛蟲一樣，也試圖在同一時間孵化鳥蛋，這時候毛毛蟲的數量最多。因此提前發芽可能影響鳥類的生存，甚至影響更加深遠。該項研究結果發表在《皇家學會學報B輯》上。
The world's becoming increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which ffrench-Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths—could help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how light affects this bud burst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of street lighting that has less red components, and therefore less early bud burst." Thus keeping springtime an actual springtime phenomenon.
世界越來越城市化，光污染的範圍也越來越大。 ffrench-Constant 表示這可以欺騙樹木更早提前發芽。但是智慧燈光——如LED指示燈，調低某些波長，可以有所幫助。或許令人感到興奮的是，如果我們對光線如何影響萌芽有更深刻的瞭解，我們也許能夠設計出發出更少紅光的智慧路燈，這樣使萌芽時間少提前一些，以此使春天出現實際的春天現象。

👯 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/136.mp3

👯

👯 中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m Finn.
大家好，歡迎來到BBC6分鐘英語。我是Finn。
And I’m Rob.
我是Rob。
Rob, I’m going to ask a personal question – do you have any bad memories?
Rob，我想問一個私人問題--你有不好的回憶嗎？
Yes. When I was young I was bitten by a dog. And he bit my arm. Not nice.
有啊。當我小的時候被狗咬過。它咬了我的胳膊。不好。