☊ 碧瓏司の→ßeℒongŚ

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voa…/2016/20160803sa_health.mp3

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🎁 中英文稿：
For thousands of years, what’s called the Silk Road was a group of land and sea trade routes that connected the Far East with South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and southern Europe. Of course, when humans travel they carry their pathogens with them. So scientists and historians have wondered if the Silk Road was a transmission route not just for goods, but for infectious disease.
千百年以來，絲綢之路由連接遠東、南亞、中東、西歐的海上和陸上路線組成。不言而喻，人們旅行的時候，隨身攜帶的還有病原體。所以，科學家和歷史學家懷疑，絲綢之路運輸的不僅僅是貨物，還有傳染性疾病。
Now we have the first hard evidence of ancient Silk Road travelers spreading their infections. The find comes from a 2,000-year-old latrine that had first been excavated in 1992. The report is in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
現在，我們有了第一個確鑿的證據，證明古代絲綢之路的遊客傳播了自身的疾病。這項結果來自於在1992年發掘的一個有2000年歷史的茅廁。該項研究結果發表在《考古科學：報告》雜誌上。
“So the site is a relay station on the Silk Road in northwest China. It's just to the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, which is a large arid area just to the east of the Taklamakan desert, and not far from the Gobi Desert. So this is a dry part of China.”
“這裡是中國西北部絲綢之路的一個中轉站。其位於塔里木盆地的東端。塔里木盆地這塊廣闊乾旱的地區位於塔克拉瑪幹沙漠的東部，距離戈壁沙漠不遠。是中國的一個乾旱地帶。”
Piers Mitchell, paleopathologist at the University of Cambridge, and one of the study’s authors, along with his student Ivy Yeh and colleagues in China.
皮爾斯•米切爾是劍橋大學的研究古代疾病的病理學家，同時也是該報告的作者之一。他和自己的學生艾薇以及來自中國的同事們一同進行了該項研究。

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http://online1.tingclass.net/voa…/2016/20160802sa_health.mp3

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🎁 中英文稿：
Ever order a drink, and feel stiffed on the pour? Well, before you bother the bartender, take a closer look at the size of your glass. "So people will generally perceive there to be less in larger containers, than in smaller ones." Theresa Marteau, a behavioral scientist at the University of Cambridge, in England.
是否有過這樣的感受?點了一杯酒，但是杯子裡的酒卻讓人心生鬱悶。不要著急埋怨酒保，先看看你的酒杯大小吧!“與小的酒杯相比，人們會認為同樣多的酒，在大的酒杯裡，酒就會顯得很少。”特麗莎•瑪律托是劍橋大學的行為科學家。
She and her colleagues had analyzed how larger portions—and larger plates—lure us into eating more food. And they wondered: could the same be true for alcohol?
她和同事們分析了大份量——以及較大的盤子——如何讓我們吃更多的食物。之後，她們懷疑，同樣的理論是否也適用於喝酒呢?
So the researchers convinced the staff at a local bar to run an experiment: every two weeks, for four months, they'd rotate the bar's wine glasses from the standard 300 milliliter size, to either slightly larger—370 milliliters, or slightly smaller—250 milliliters. And see how the size of the glass affected patrons' drinking habits, even though the pour, the volume of alcoholic beverage, was unchanged.
所以，研究人員說服了在當地酒吧的一些員工進行了一次實驗：四個月內，每兩周，他們就會將酒吧的標準300毫升的酒杯，換成370毫升或者250毫升的酒杯。並研究酒杯的大小是如何影響顧客的飲酒習慣的，但是酒精飲料的總量是不變的。
Turns out, serving wine in smaller glasses had no measurable effect. But the large glasses boosted wine sales 10 percent—even after controlling for day of the week, temperature, holidays and so on. The reason? "When the wine, the same volume, is being served in a larger glass, then people are probably perceiving they've got less in there." Which, she says, means they might drink more, assuming they haven't hit their nightly limit. Or, they might just feel less satisfied with the pour, and buy another round. The study appears in the journal BMC Public Health.
結果表明，用較小的酒杯不會產生太大的影響。但是用較大的酒杯，則使酒類的銷售量提升了10%——即使控制了天數、溫度、假期等其他因素。為什麼會產生這樣的結果呢?因為，同樣多的酒，當放在較大的杯子時，人們可能會感覺酒似乎非常少。瑪律托解釋到，這就意味著人們會增大飲酒量，因為他們覺得這還沒達到自己的酒量呢!或者，也可能是他們覺得這點酒還不夠，還需要再來一杯。該研究結果發表在《BMC公共衛生》雜誌上。

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👯 中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to The English We Speak. I'm Rob and I've won yet another card game! Yes!
大家好，歡迎來到BBC地道英語。我是Rob，又贏了一次牌。太好啦！
Hello everyone. I'm Feifei and I've just lost to him again... 
大家好，我是菲菲，我剛剛又輸給
Rob了。It's not surprising. You've been very distracted all morning. 
這並不奇怪。你一上午都心神不寧。
There's a promotion coming up and I wonder if I'll get it. 
公司將會有次晉升，我在想我能否得到這次機會。

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/2016/20160801sa_mind.mp3

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🎁 中英文稿：
Just like humans have to learn to talk, songbirds aren't just born singing—they have to learn to carry a tune. "So in the beginning they just babble." Raissa de Boer, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Antwerp in Belgium. "And they learn from a tutor, so they need an example song in order to learn it."
就如同人們必須學說話一樣，鳴禽也並不是天生就會唱歌——它們必須學會唱歌不跑調。“所以，開始它們只是呀呀學語。”Raissa de Boer，是比利時安特衛普大學的行為生態學家。“它們跟從導師學習，為了學會，它們都需要一首典型歌曲。”
She says the example song might come from the chick's father. And over time, the baby bird tweaks that tweet, to make it its own. "And then it takes almost a year until they're fully adult, until the next spring, for the final song to come out."
Raissa de Boer表示，這首典型的歌曲可能來自於幼鳥的父親。隨著時間的推移，幼鳥吱吱的叫聲，最後變成自己的歌聲。幼鳥完全長成成鳥，大約需要一年的時間，直到來年春天，最終的歌曲終於成形啦!
De Boer and her colleagues investigated that song-learning process in canaries, using two groups of baby birds: the first consisted of inbred birds, whose parents were siblings; the second had parents that were. And the researchers found that the songs of inbred birds [sound of inbred birds singing] and those of the other, outbred birds sound… pretty similar to the human ear. "I cannot tell the difference."
Raissa de Boer和同事們利用了兩組幼鳥，調查了金絲雀學習唱歌的過程：第一組是近親繁殖生出的幼鳥，幼鳥的雙親是兄妹;而第二組幼鳥有父母陪伴。研究人員發現，第一組和第二組鳥兒的歌聲對人耳都非常的熟悉。“我不能分辨兩者的區別。”
But computer analysis revealed that the inbred birds sang notes at slightly different pitches—and with tones that were not quite as pure. "So basically they sang out of tune, in comparison to outbred birds." The results appear in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
但是電腦分析表明，近親生出的鳥兒唱出的哥兒音高不同——音調不純。“所以，基本上與非近親生出的鳥兒相比，第一組鳥兒已經跑掉啦!”該研究結果發表在《 皇家學會學報B》

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voas…/2016/20160729sa_earth.mp3

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🎁 中英文稿：
For most people, Jupiter’s most recognizable—and mysterious—feature is the Great Red Spot. For centuries, astronomers have watched the storm spin across the giant world’s face.
對大多數人而言，木星最容易辨認和最神秘的特徵在於：大紅斑。幾個世紀以來，天文學家早已觀察到木星表面的大紅斑。
But for planetary scientists, Jupiter’s most distinctive mystery may be what’s called the “energy crisis” of its upper atmosphere: how do temperatures average about as warm as Earth’s even though the enormous planet is more than fives times further away from the sun?
但是對於行星科學家而言，木星最獨特的神秘之處在於所謂的上層大氣中的“能源危機”：為何木星的平均溫度與地球一樣溫暖？即使這個巨大的行星與太陽的距離大約是日地距離的5倍。
All the sun’s giant planets display this energy crisis, and those in chilly orbits around other stars probably have it, too. So where does the energy to heat their upper atmospheres come from?
所有太陽系中的巨行星都呈現出能源危機，並且在寒冷的軌道和其他恒星周圍可能也會存在能源危機。那麼加熱其上層大氣的能量從何而來？
According to a new study, the energy must originate within the giants, get transported upward and become amplified by turbulent storms. The finding appears in the journal Nature. [James O'Donoghue et al, Heating of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot]
根據一項新的研究，能量肯定源自巨行星，然後向上輸送，並且通過動盪的暴風雨過度擴大。該項研究結果發表在《自然》雜誌上。