☊ 碧瓏司の→ßeℒongŚ

【凱妃老師分享雅思聽力高頻機經單字：看病場景篇】
kindergarten 幼稚園 
elementary education 初等教育 
secondary education 中等教育 
higher education 高等教育 
adult education 成人教育 
open admission 免試入學制 
day-care center 幼稚園（美） 
nursery school 托兒所 
primary/elementary school 小學（英/美）
secondary school 中學 
coeducation 男女生同校制度
junior high school 初中 

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20140825sa_science.mp3

🎁 

🎁 中英文稿：
As is well known, geckos sell car insurance. But they're also famous for their extremely adhesive feet, which can keep them stuck to walls and even ceilings. Archimedes wondered how they do it. Geckos can also easily loosen their grip and break into a dash, which has flummoxed physicists. But scientific stick-to-itiveness finally found the on/off switch.
眾所周知，壁虎公司是賣汽車保險的，而壁虎也因為其可以飛簷走壁的腳而出名，這使得它們可以黏在牆面甚至天花板上。阿基米德曾經就很好奇它們是如何做到這一點的。壁虎們可以輕鬆的放開自己的腳，然後突然掉下來，這令很多物理學家感到困惑。但是科學家們堅持不懈的研究終於發現了其中的秘密。
Geckos' toes are covered in thousands of tiny hairs called setae. These setae can bend to make contact with all the grooves and crevices in a surface. To adhere, the setae rely on small electromagnetic attractions between molecules called van der Waals forces. You can find more 60-Second Science on chinavoa.com.
壁虎的腳趾上覆蓋了成千上萬的被稱為剛毛的小細毛。這些剛毛可以彎曲來『抓住』物體表面上所有的溝槽和縫隙。為了能夠粘附在上面，這些剛毛依靠分子間被稱為範德華引力的小的電磁引力。
Researchers created mathematical models that revealed that the default for gecko feet is non-sticky. To activate the grip, the lizards extend and angle their setae to create millions of contact points with a surface. The research is in the Journal of Applied Physics. [Congcong Hu and P. Alex Greaney, Role of seta angle and flexibility in the gecko adhesion mechanism]
研究人員創建數學模型來揭示壁虎的腳趾是非粘性的。為了緊抓住表面，蜥蜴會伸展剛毛和調整剛毛角度，來與物體表面產生數百萬的接觸點。該研究被發表在《應用物理學》雜誌上。
Scientists would love to create synthetic adhesives based on the gecko trick. Perhaps by harnessing the power of setae, robots could climb walls, and stick or unstick without expending much energy, just as the gecko does.
—Clara Moskowitz
根據壁虎這一特技，科學家想要創製一種合成黏著劑。也許通過利用剛毛的力量，機器人可以向壁虎那樣爬牆，不需要耗費太多能量，就可以粘在牆上或與牆分開。—克拉拉‧莫斯科維茨
➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟➟

♠♠身邊老闆是否患有“錯愛綜合症”♣♣
　　
✥✥你也許對這種橋段並不陌生：某個平庸員工不知何故被精明幹練、不怒自威的老闆相中，認為他“才華卓著”，不顧周遭反對堅持予以重用。其實，老闆主觀上並非一意孤行、固執己見，他只是患上了“老闆錯愛綜合征”。
　　
Boss crush refers to the situation when an executive falls for someone, loses all judgment, refuses to listen and ensures that trouble will follow.
✥✥“老闆錯愛綜合症”是指當一個主管迷上某個員工時，失去所有判斷力，拒絕聽取旁人意見，然後麻煩肯定隨之而來。
　　
The syndrome, which is a major character flaw of some of the world's finest managers.
✥✥這種綜合症是一種性格缺陷，在全世界最優秀的一些經理人身上也很嚴重。
　　
A version of this was played out recently between David Cameron and Camila Batmanghelidjh. The prime minister developed a crush on the mesmerising, rainbow-turbaned head of Kids Company; large quantities of cash were shovelled into her charity; civil servants asked questions, but nothing happened — until things went so spectacularly wrong the plug had to be pulled.
✥✥大衛•卡梅倫與卡蜜拉•巴特曼海利迪之間就上演了這麼一出“老闆錯愛綜合症”。英國首相迷上了這位魅力四射、包著五彩頭巾的慈善團體“兒童公司”負責人，為她的慈善機構提供了大量政府撥款。公務員們對此提出質疑，但一點兒都不管用，直到這家慈善機構問題嚴重到不可收拾的境地，政府才停止對其撥款。
　　
Like real love, the boss crush is blind. Worse than that, once the boss has publicly singled out the love-object as worthy of promotion, his pride is on the line. The crush object simply has to be good; nothing else will do. All warning signs are ignored, the truth only outs when it is too late. Then the after-effects of the crush are brutal — the former loved one is treated to rage and disdain and usually in the end is fired.
✥✥像真正的愛戀一樣，老闆的迷戀也是盲目的。更糟糕的是，一旦老闆公開對自己喜愛的對象另眼相待，聲稱其值得提拔，他就搭上了自己的自尊。他喜愛的對象必須優秀；否則就不行。一切預警信號都被無視，真相只有在為時已晚的時候才會暴露出來。之後，這種迷戀的後續影響十分殘酷——此前被迷戀的人會領教暴怒和蔑視，通常最終還會被炒魷魚。
　　
The most troubling thing about this phenomenon is that there isn't an answer. You can't ban executives from crushes any more than you can ban teenagers. All you can do is notice the sorts of people who are prone to them, and be warned.
✥✥這種現象最麻煩的地方是它無解。你無法禁止主管們陷入迷戀，就像你無法禁止青少年一樣。你唯一能做的就是注意到有這種傾向的人，並保持警惕。

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/2014/20140826sa_mind.mp3

🎁 

🎁 中英文稿：
Children who experience neglect, abuse and poverty have a tougher time as adults than do well-cared-for kids. Now there's evidence that such stress can actually change the size of brain structures responsible for learning, memory and processing emotion.
那些遭受過忽視、虐待和貧困的孩子，相比那些被照顧的很好的孩子，在成年之後也會經歷一段艱難的時光。現在有證據表明，這種壓力實際上可以改變負責學習、記憶和處理情緒的大腦結構的大小。
The finding is in the journal Biological Psychiatry. [Jamie L. Hanson et al, Behavioral Problems After Early Life Stress: Contributions of the Hippocampus and Amygdala]
該研究發現被發表在《生物精神病學》雜誌上。
Researchers took images of the brains of 12-year-olds who had suffered either physical abuse or neglect or had grown up poor. From the images the scientists were able to measure the size of the amygdala and hippocampus—two structures involved in emotional processing and memory. You can find more 60-Second Mind onchinavoa.com.
研究人員拍攝了一些大腦的圖片，這些圖片來自於那些遭受過身體虐待，忽視和在貧窮中長大的12歲兒童。從這些圖片中，科學家能夠測量出大腦杏仁核和海馬區的大小——這兩個大腦結構負責情緒的處理和記憶。
And they compared the sizes of these structures with those of 12-year-old children who were raised in middle-class families and had not been abused. And they found that the stressed children had significantly smaller amygdalas and hippocampuses than did the kids from the more nurturing environments.
將這些孩子這些大腦結構的大小和那些生長在中產階級家庭中未遭受任何虐待的孩子做比較，結果發現，那些受過壓力的孩子的杏仁核和海馬區明顯小於那些生長在良好環境中的孩子們。

【12/13 托福閱讀真題三篇完整解析】

12/13 閱讀三篇文章分別是：
1. Effects of Plate Tectonics on Species (板塊構造對物種的影響)
2. How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands 
(動植物如何到達夏威夷島)重複2014-12-21真題
3. Newspapers in Western Europe (西歐報紙)重複2014-06-15真題

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20140827sa_science.mp3

🎁 

🎁 中英文稿：
They say that the nose knows. But it still gets its marching orders from the brain—at least when it comes to the lungs. Got that? Nose to brain to lungs. Because a new study shows that when people with asthma think they're smelling something noxious, their airways become inflamed—even when the odor is harmless. The finding is in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research. [Cristina Jaén and Pamela Dalton, Asthma and odors: The role of risk perception in asthma exacerbation]
他們說鼻子能夠知道你的想法。但是鼻子也是從大腦獲取的命令——至少就肺而言是這樣的。明白了嗎?鼻腦肺是相通的。因為一項新的研究表明：得哮喘的人覺得他們吸入了有害的空氣，即使他們呼吸的空氣是無害的，他們的呼吸道也已經開始發炎——。該研究發現被發表在《身心研究學》雜誌中。
Asthma attacks can be triggered by pollen, dust, harsh chemicals or scents. These environmental annoyances constrict the airways in the lung, making breathing difficult.
哮喘發作可由花粉、灰塵、刺激性化學物質或氣味而引起。這些不良的環境因素致使肺部呼吸道收縮，進而導致呼吸困難。
In this study, researchers wanted to see whether an individual's assumptions have any influence over this breathtaking series of events. So they exposed 17 asthma sufferers to a benign chemical that smells like roses for 15 minutes. Nine subjects were told the fragrance was a potential irritant, the other eight that it would be therapeutic.
在這項研究中，研究人員想瞭解個人的設想是否會對這一系列的驚人事件產生任何影響。因此，研究人員讓17位哮喘病患者在玫瑰味的無害化學氣體中待了15分鐘。並告訴其中9人該氣體含有潛在刺激物，而告訴其餘8人該氣體具有治療哮喘的作用。
The results were as plain as the nose on your face: subjects who expected an irritant experienced inflammation. And those who were primed to be soothed had no adverse reactions—even if they were normally bothered by perfumes.
結果顯而易見：被實驗者中那些認為該氣體中含有刺激物的人們患了炎症，而那些認為該氣體有治療作用的人們，即使也聞著同樣的氣體，卻沒有感覺到不適。
The results suggest that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. Or be as irritating as you expect it will.
—Karen Hopkin

👯 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/158.mp3

👯 

👯 中英文稿：
Hello I'm Finn and welcome to 6 Minute English. Rob's here today. Hi Rob.
大家好，歡迎收聽六分鐘英語節目。我是Finn，今天嘉賓是Rob，你好Rob。
Hello Finn – are you well?
你好呀，最近怎麼樣？
Very well, thanks. Rob, tell me – do you have a favourite science-fiction movie?
還不錯，Rob，你有沒有最愛的科幻電影？
Ahh, science fiction – stories about an imagined future …well my favourite was and always will be ET: Extra Terrestrial, and you Finn?
額，科幻描繪的是想像中的未來世界，恩，我最愛的是《E.T.外星人》， 你呢？
Mine would probably be Blade Runner – the movie with Harrison Ford set in a dark, scary Los Angeles where he hunts robots called replicants. You know the one?
我的最愛是《銀翼殺手》，就是那部，背景地是黑暗恐怖的洛杉磯，哈里森‧福特主演的追蹤消滅複製人的那部電影，你知道麼？

👯 

👯 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/159.mp3

👯 

👯 中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Finn, and Rob's here too.
大家好，歡迎收聽六分鐘英語節目。我是Finn，今天的嘉賓是Rob。
Yes, hello.
大家好。
Hi. Rob - tell me - do you have a spare room in your house?
Rob，你家有空著的房間嗎？
Absolutely not. We're full to capacity in our house.And what about a driveway for your car?
當然沒有，每間房都有人啦。那你有專用車道嗎？
A driveway - so you mean a parking space off the road at my house? Not exactly a driveway, but yes I do have a parking space, yes.

🎁

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20140829sa_science.mp3

🎁 

🎁 中英文稿：
Do you like working up a sweat? Or do you feel like maybe sweat should work for you? Well, hold on to your sudoriferous glands. Because researchers have designed a device that could someday produce power from your perspiration. The schvitzy scheme was presented at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society in San Francisco. [Wenzhao Jia et al, Epidermal Biofuel Cells: Energy Harvesting from Human Perspiration, in Angewandte Chemie]
你喜歡鍛鍊嗎?或者你想過可能你的汗水能為你服務嗎?嗯，你可要控制好你的汗腺了，因為研究人員已經設計出一個能夠利用你的汗水來發電的設備。該schvitzy計畫在舊金山的美國化學學會的年會上被提出。
Strenuous exercise generates lactate—the molecule that makes overworked muscles burn. Athletes sometimes evaluate their fitness by checking the lactate levels in their blood.
劇烈運動所產生的乳酸鹽可以使過度勞累的肌肉燃燒，有時通過檢查運動員血液中乳酸的含量來評估他們的健康狀況。
To reduce blood draws, researchers came up with a monitor that could measure the lactate in sweat. The device they designed strips electrons from lactate, which creates a small electric current. The strength of the current reveals the amount of lactate.
為了減少抽血檢測的次數，研究人員發明了一個可以檢測乳酸濃度的監測器，他們所設計的這個監測器可以使電子脫離乳酸，從而產生一小股電流。電流的強弱代表了乳酸含量的多少。
To test the system, 10 volunteers wore the arm-patch sensor while they rode a stationary bike. And the device recorded the current they delivered as they dripped.
為了測試這一系統，10名志願者在騎著固定單車時，都戴著臂貼傳感器。那樣在他們流汗時，該設備便會記下目前的電流強度。
Then the researchers thought, what if they could tap into this energy to develop a sort of sweat-powered 「bio battery?」 Their proof-of-concept setup topped out at only about 4 microWatts of juice—not even enough to run a watch. But with better electronics, exercising in the future could make dirty clothes and some clean energy.

【📖快來上課囉📖：complexion氣色與complex [ˋkɑmplɛks] 複雜的有什關係？】

㊙ complexion [kəmˋplɛkʃən]（臉色）：四種體液組合決定了人的脾性

古代歐洲的「體液學說」認為人體包括四種體液（ humors ）。
四種體液(血液、黏液、黃膽汁和黑膽汁)的組合比例
決定了人的脾性、氣質和健康。
英語單詞 complexion 來自拉丁語 complexionem （組合），
本意是人體四種體液的組合，
與英語單詞 complex （複合體，復合的）同源，
表示由體液組合所決定的人的脾性。
古代人又認為人的脾性能通過膚色顯露出來，
就像中國人所謂的「相由心生」，
因此 complexion 一詞又衍生出「膚色、面色」的含義。

【pamphlet小冊子與拉丁情詩💌有什麼關係? 】

pamphlet：小冊子 [ˋpæmflət]
這個詞來自12世紀時一首著名的拉丁愛情詩💌
Pamphilus seu De Amore 《為人人所愛》。
這首詩是以未裝訂的活頁出現的，流傳甚廣，極受歡迎，
後來，任何類似的薄本，紙面的小冊子統稱為 pamphlet

❡❡ 商務英語中經常出現的五個錯誤 ❡❡

✟ Personal vs. Personnel
密切注意這些單詞的拼寫和重音！"Personnel"是個名詞意思是公司的職員。例如"Our company has the best personnel in the industry."重音落在單詞的末尾。"Personal"是個形容詞意思是私人或是個人。"I'm requesting a day of annual leave for personal reasons."重音容落在單詞的開頭。如果你不仔細，你就可能說成"personal meeting"而不是"personnel meeting."◄

✏♢✏♢✏奧巴馬2015年度最愛讀物出爐✏♢✏♢✏
　　
➠The "best books of the year" list is a time-honored tradition among media outlets and publishers, with selections rolling in just after Thanksgiving.
“年度最佳讀物”是各媒體管道和出版商歷史悠久的傳統，感恩節後便有候選書本蜂擁而來。
　　
➠A range of novels were selected last week. Among them were Kazuo Ishiguro's strange fable-like fantasy, Alexandra Kleeman's satire, and, apparently, Barack Obama's favorite book of the year: Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff.
上周選出了各類小說，其中有石黑一雄寓言式奇幻小說、亞歷山卓·卡裡曼的諷刺作品，顯然還有巴拉克·奧巴馬的年度最愛：勞倫·格羅夫的《命運女神和復仇女神》。
　　
➠It's a deeply personal story of marriage and secrets.
這則故事關婚姻和秘密，內容極其私密。
➠At first, the book seems an unconventional choice for the president. It's not political, and there's not a word in it about foreign relations.
期初，這本書對總統而言看起來是不合常規的選擇。不是政論小說，對外交關係不著一字。
　　
➠In fact, Groff's National Book Award-nominated story is deeply personal -- it's the story of a marriage from the secretive perspectives of both partners.

🐸

MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/161.mp3

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👯 中英文稿：
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English with me, Finn.
大家好，歡迎收聽六分鐘英語節目。我是主持人Finn。
And me, Neil.
我是嘉賓，Neil。
Neil, I'm going to tell you a joke.
Neil，我來給你講個笑話吧。
OK, come on.
來吧。
Which part of learning the English language are boxers best at?

🐸🐹🐶

👯 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/162.mp3

👯 

👯 中英文稿：
Hello I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm joined today by Finn.
大家好我是Rob。歡迎來到6分鐘英語節目。今天我的搭檔是Finn。
Hello. Or, as we say in Chinese, "你好，我是 Finn", which means "Hello, I'm Finn".
大家好，或者我們用中文說「你好，我是Finn」意思是「Hello, I『m Finn」。
Ah, 你好. Where did you learn to speak Chinese?
呃，你好。你在哪學的中文?
At university. Though I must say I'm a bit rusty now!
在大學。但我不得不說現在已經生疏了。
Rusty? You look OK, but what you really mean is you're not as fluent as you were before!

【上課囉📣：字母A的起源與公牛OX有什麼關係?】

👼古人觀察公牛🐮，其尖尖的🔶牛角為最大特色，
所以連中文的『牛』字，也是指尖尖的🔶牛角
所以英文從ox引申為字母A：🔶尖sharp →再引申為酸acid😝

🐸🐹🐶🐷🐮🐴

http://static.iyuba.com/sounds/minutes/163.mp3

👯 

👯 中英文稿：
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm joined today by Finn.
大家好，我是Rob。歡迎來到6分鐘英語，我今天的搭檔是Finn。
Hi Rob! Merry Christmas everyone!
你好Rob。大家聖誕快樂！
Yes. Merry Christmas! Today we're talking about this celebration. It's a Christian festival but its message of peace among people is universal.
是啊，聖誕快樂！今天我們就來講講聖誕這個節日。它雖然是個基督教節日，但它所包含的和平意義卻是普遍存在的。
It's a pity that today we are far from that - from a moment of absolute peace and goodwill. Now, goodwill means a cooperative attitude.
可惜如今的我們遠沒有達到絕對的和平和友好。如今，友好意味著一種合作的態度。
But there was once a brief moment in history when the human spirit rose above wars.
歷史上曾出現過人類的精神超越戰爭的情況。

【📖快來上課囉📖：monster怪物是神靈的警告？】

㊙ monster（怪物）：神靈為了警告人們而降下的怪物

古羅馬人相信各種奇異現象都是神靈所發出的信息。
如果出現一些怪異、畸形的生物，
則是神靈被激怒後發出的警告，預示著將有大災大難發生。
這種神靈的警告在拉丁語中就是 monstrum ，
來自 monere （ warn ，警告）。

🎁 MP3音檔 (按右鍵可下載聽)：
http://online1.tingclass.net/voaspe/…/20140901sa_science.mp3

🎁 

🎁 中英文稿：
If you're a fan of the Beatles, you no doubt know that ["She Loves You"] came before ["All You Need Is Love"]. But what about ["Help!"] or ["Yellow Submarine"] or ["I am the Walrus"]? [ˋwɔlrəs]
如果你是披頭四的粉絲，那麼你一定知道他們的歌曲《她愛你》的發布是先於《你需要的只是愛》的。但是你對《救命》、《黃色潛水艇》或者《我是海象》又瞭解多少呢?

You may not know which came first, but researchers from Lawrence Technological University in Michigan created an algorithm that does. By analyzing the evolving structure of the Beatles' music, the computer program was able to correctly place the Fab Four's albums in chronological order. The work is in the journal Pattern Recognition Letters. [Joe George, Lior Shamir: Computer analysis of similarities between albums in popular music]
你可能不知道哪首歌是最先創作的，但是美國密歇根勞倫斯理工大學的研究人員發明了一種算法來對其進行分類排序。該計算機程序通過分析披頭四所創作歌曲的發展結構，能夠準確的將其所創作的專輯按時間進行排序。該項研究被發表在《模式識別快報》上。

The researchers initially produced the algorithm to catalogue whale songs. [whale sound] And they figured what worked for killer whales should also work for the lads from Liverpool.
研究人員最初創造此算法是為了將鯨魚歌曲錄入目錄。當研究人員發現這方法行之有效時，他們認為該算法對披頭四的歌曲肯定也行得通。

The program converts audio data into a visual spectrogram, an image it then evaluates for texture, shape, and pattern. Based on this analysis, the algorithm could tell that ["Please Please Me"] was from the early days and ["She Came In through the Bathroom Window"] came near the end. It even correctly estimated that songs from Let It Be were recorded before those on Abbey Road, although Abbey Road was released first. You can find more 60-Second Science on chinavoa.com.
改程序可將音頻數據轉換成視覺光譜圖，然後對其紋理、形狀和模式進行評估。基於此分析結果，該算法可以分辨出《請讓我快樂》時披頭四的早期作品，而《她通過浴室窗戶進來》是其後來之作。該算法甚至能夠辨認出歌曲《順其自然》的錄製要早於《艾比路》，儘管《艾比路》的發行要早於《順其自然》。

The algorithm also worked for the albums of Queen, U2, and ABBA. But the computer came up short on Taylor Swift, whose tunes thus far are too similar to sort. But her style could still change over time. ["Time Is on My Side," by Bonnie Raitt and Irma Thomas]
—Karen Hopkin